第一篇：實習心得
時光飛速，11個月的實習生涯已經結束了，在這將近一年的實習中我嚴格遵守醫院及各科室的規章制度，學習態度端正，學習動機明確，工作主觀能動性強，在老師和學姐的帶領下，嚴格“三查七對”你及無菌操作。現在我爲我的辛勤付出寫下在醫院實習的心得。因爲實習的醫院實行的是全責制的護理模式，與以往的功能制護理不同，在這裏我們學到了以“我的病人，我的護士”爲原則，盡心盡力的爲病人提供優質護理服務理念。
記得去年的5月份，剛走出校園的我帶着緊張、興奮、渴望的心情到醫院實習，第一個科室就是急診，從沒見過那麼緊急的場面，我一下子慌了，雖然纔剛實習，但我已經懂得：我如今所面對的將不再是學校的理論知識和初步的實驗課，我要面對的是真正脆弱的病人，是不可以出一丁點差錯的。急診是一個綜合科室，對護理人員的能力要求也是比較嚴格，因此我學到的知識也是很多，瞭解到了急診預檢分診和院前急救的流程，掌握了心電監護儀、心電圖機等的操作方法，掌握並加強心肺復甦等專業技術和急診儀器（洗胃機、除顫儀）的操作和維護，熟悉了急診常見疾病的護理。
在各科室的實習工作中，根據學校和醫院的要求我積極主動地完成了病歷的書寫、讀書會、病例討論，而且能規範書寫各類護理文書，做好病人出入院評估護理，能做好各科室常見病的處理和護理工作，認真執行無菌操作規程，能熟練進行內、外、婦、兒及重症監護等各項操作能力，嚴格執行三查七對等等，這些都培養了我書寫、組織、表達等各方面的能力。
根據醫院制定出來的教學活動計劃，讓我從簡單到複雜，從看到做，從依賴變獨立，從臨牀具體實例循序漸進的學習。透過下臨牀，我也意識到理論知識的重要性，因爲在各個科室中，最重要的就是給患者和家屬衛教，在衛教當中，會由於理論知識不夠紮實，而衛教得不全面，
因而在各科室的學習中和老師學姐的指導下，我學會了如何根據患者住院期間的護理評估和照護重點來擴展對疾病的認識，從而學習更多的理論知識，爲病人更好的衛教。當自己的衛教得到患者及家屬的認可和表揚時，心底不由而衷的涌上自豪感。
透過將近一年的實習，我的理論水平和實踐水平都有所提高，在今後的工作中，我將繼續努力，牢記護士職責，不斷加強學習與操作技能學習，全面提高自身綜合水平，爲患者提供優質服務，並在工作過程中克服急躁情緒，積極、熱情、細緻地對待每一項工作，做一名合格的護理人員。
第二篇：畢業實習總結 9300字
UNIT THREE
Operations Research
運籌學
Brief history
Operations research is relatively young discipline, being organized as a separate professional field of study only since the end of World War II. The Operational Research Society of the Untied Kingdom (ORS), Operations Research Society of America (ORSA), and the Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS) were found in 1948, 1952 and 1953, respectively. However, the methods and practices of operations research were being applied just prior to the war by British scientists working for the Air Ministry. In fact, two of these scientists are credited with first coining the phrase “operational research”.
簡單的歷史回顧
運籌學是一門相對比較新的學科。它是從二戰以後纔開始作爲專業學科而被研究的。 英國運籌學會，美國運籌學會和管理學會分別成立於1948,1952 和1953。然而，早在二戰之前，英國的科學家就將運籌學的理論和實踐應用於空軍。事實上,正是這些科學家中的兩位首次提出了“運籌學”這一名詞。
The earliest application of operations research involved improving the early warning system of the RAF’s Fighter Command. This system was quickly put to the test during the Battle of Britain. Throughout the remainder of the war, the methods of operations research were used by all branches of the British military to improve the results of their operations. As might be expected, the armed forces of the United States began to apply similar techniques soon after Pearl Harbor.
運籌學最早應用是在提高英國皇家空軍司令部的預警系統上。這個系統在英國的戰爭中很快被測試。在整個餘下的戰爭中，運籌學的方法被英國的分支部隊用於提高他們的控制結果。正如期望的那樣，在珍珠港事件後，美國軍方也開始應用類似的技術。
After WWII, the use of operations research continued in the military and was greatly expanded. In addition, businesses on both sides of the Atlantic began to apply operations research to a broad range of management problems, such as accident prevention, production planning, inventory control, and personnel planning.
二戰後，運籌學繼續運用在軍事方面，並且有極大的拓展，另外，大西洋兩岸的商業活動開始將運籌學應用到管理問題的廣闊的領域，例如，事故預防，生產計劃編制，存貨控制和人事計劃編制。
The first formal university courses and curricula also began to be developed during the immediate postwar period. MIT, Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve University), and the University of Pennsylvania were among the first universities to offer formal degree programs in the United States in the early fifties. It is interesting to note that similar academic programs did not develop in the United Kingdom until latter, although lectures and courses were offered at a few universities. University programs in operations research in the United States and Canada are located in a wide variety of colleges, schools, and departments, reflecting the field’s highly interdisciplinary nature. Programs are found in departments of mathematical science, decision sciences, statistics, industrial engineering, computer science, management science, engineering management, mechanical engineering, and operations research. These departments are located in school or colleges of engineering, business, management, industrial engineering, and applied science.
戰後，第一批正規大學課程也開始涌現，並迅速得到發展。xx年代早期，麻省理工學院，卡斯技術學院（現在的卡斯西方儲備學院）和賓夕法尼亞大學是他們之中第一批提供正規的學位課程的大學。儘管這些課在少數的大學被設立，有趣的是，在英國儘管有零星的大學也進行了一些有關運籌學的演講和課程，但是直到後來類似的學術課程纔在英國得到發展。在美國和加拿大，運籌學方面的課程在各種學校、學院和院系中被廣泛設定，反映出這個領域高度融合的性質。這些課程被設立在材料科學，決策科學，統計學，工業工程，計算機科學，管理科學，工程管理，機械工程和運籌學等院系中。這些院系隸屬工程、商業、管理、工業工程和應用科學等學校或學院。
Operations research as defined by the Operations Research Society of America, “is concerned with scientifically deciding how to best design and operate man-machine systems, usually under conditions requiring the allocation of scarce resources.” Important to the field is the development, testing, and use of models to predict various outcomes under differing conditions or to optimize the outcome for a given condition. This gives decision makers the ability either to choose the “best” outcome or to enhance the likelihood of a given set of desired outcomes. The application of quantitative methods is also very important.
美國運籌學學會將運籌學定義爲：在需要對緊缺資源進行分配的前提下決定如何最好的設計和運作人-機系統的決策科學。這個領域的重點是發展，檢測和應用模型去預測在不同條件下的各種結果，或者優化給定條件下的結果。決策者應有的能力是：要麼選擇最優結果，要麼增大一系列給定結果中的好的結果的可能性。定量方法的.應用也是非常重要的。
Some OR accomplishments
Some important breakthroughs of the 1970s and 1980s are highlighted below, with description of how they have employed and the resulting economic impact.
運籌學的一些成果
在20世紀xx年代到xx年代之間取得了一些十分突出的重大突破，下面講述他們如何被應用以及其對經濟的影響。
Integrative OR accomplishments
In 1983 and 1984 , Citgo petroleum corporation , the nation ’s largest independent refining and marking company ,with 1985 sales in excess of $4 billion, invested in a unique set of comprehensive and integrative systems that combine such OR disciplines as mathematical programming, forecasting, and expert systems, with statistics and organizational theory. Ctigo applied the OR systems to such operations as crude and product acquisition, refining ,supply and distribution ,strategic and operations market planning ,accounts receivable and payable, inventory control ,and setting individual performance objectives ,and now credits these OR systems with turning a 1984 operating loss that exceeded $5 million into a 1985 operating profit in excess of $7 million .
綜合的運籌學成果
在1983和19xx年，全美最大的石油獨立冶煉和銷售公司--citgo石油公司，將19xx年超過4億的銷售額投資在一個獨一無二的全面集成系統中，這個系統將運籌學的數學規劃、預測及專家系統結合到了統計和組織理論中。Citgo將運籌學系統應用到諸如：天然物資的產品開採，冶煉，供應和配送，運作市場規劃，應收應付款，存貨控制和制定個人執行目標， Citgo公司由19xx年5000萬的營業損失變爲到19xx年高達7000萬的營業利潤要歸功於這個運籌學系統。
Optimization
Optimization—determining how to get an objective function or performance index to its maximum within the limits of available resources and technology—is a fundamental goal of decision making and, moreover, an important tool in engineering design. For more than three decades, research in optimization—a considerable fraction of which has been funded by the STOR program of NSF—has been active and fruitful, with payoffs accumulating through a multitude of application.
最優化
最優化—決定如何得到一個目標函數或性能指標以使得在有限的資源和技術有限的條件下達到它的最大值—是決策的基本目標，並且除此之外，它還是在工程設計方面重要的工具。三十多年來，最優化方面的研究—它的很多方面的研究已經被NSF的STOR計劃資助—已經透過大量的實踐積累產生了作用並取得累累碩果。
Linear programming is widely used throughout the world. Optimization also involves techniques for solving large-scale, discrete, nonlinear, multiobjective, and global problems. Some recent advances in the filed have such great potential that they have been cited prominently in popular publications, including the NEWYORK Times and the Wall Street Journal. Moreover, optimization is in a new stage of proliferation because its techniques are now accessible to microcomputers. Since optimization has achieved a degree of maturity, it is natural to take a hard look at what can be expected from further research.
線性規劃在全世界範圍內被廣泛應用。最優化也包括解決大規模，離散，非線性，多目標和全球化問題的技術。在這個領域最近的一些探索有如此大的潛力以至於它們已經被一些受歡迎的出版物大力宣傳，其中包括《紐約時報》和《華爾街日報》。此外，因爲現在最優化的技術可透過微機來實現，所以它正處在一個快速發展的新時期。既然最優化已經達到了一個成熟的程度，那麼關注在更進一步的研究中被期望的結果是自然而然的了。
In the more mature areas such as linear programming and unconstrained optimization, and in those of intermediate maturity such as integer and constrained convex optimization, emphasis will be placed on rapid, large-scale computation. This will be driven both by the need to solve large problems in manufacturing and logistics, and by the opportunities created in new computer technologies such as parallel processing. Research in such newer and lesser understood areas as global, multicriteria, and qualitative optimization, will necessarily deal with basic issues.
在那些更爲成熟的如線性規劃和無約束優化等領域和一些不太成熟的如整數和約束優化等領域，研究的重點將被放到快速的，大規模的計算上。製造業和物流上的一些重大問題需要和如並行進程等新的計算機技術所創造出的機會將會推動這些研究的進行。一些在全新領域和我們知之甚少的領域如全球性和多標準定性優化等研究，將會必然的應用於處理一些比較基本的日常事情上。
Stochastic processes
We live in a world in which we have limited knowledge and an inability to predict the future with certainty. A telecommunications network may suddenly be flooded by calls; a vital machine in a manufacturing plant may fail unexpectedly; a firefighting service may be called into action without warning. The study of stochastic processes provides us with a systematic way to model, design and control service systems characterized by such uncertainly. Operations research will continue to provide an observational framework for such studies through fundamental research into foundations of probabilistic phenomena.
隨機系統
我們生活在一個知識短缺和無力對未來事實進行預測的世界中。一個通信網絡可能會突然被阻塞；車間的一個至關重要的機器可能意外發生故障；一個消防系統可能在沒有任何徵兆的情況下被要求執行任務。對統計過程的學習將會爲我們提供一種系統的方法去建立、設計和控制系統中的不穩定因素。運籌學爲我們提供了一個透過基礎研究而瞭解基本的概率現象的框架。
Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and computer/communication networks exemplify complex systems that fall into a class called discrete event stochastic systems (DESS). The efficient design and operation of these systems is extremely important to economic competitiveness, yet system behavior is not completely understood. Present methods of analysis and design of DESS focus on their behavior in the steady state, a conceptualization that requires performance measures to be made “in the long run” or “averaged over time.” Yet, most systems exhibit dynamic behavior on their way to (or sometimes even during) the steady state that may produce a deviation in performance from that computed by steady state analysis. Design and control of such systems (for example, multiechelon spare parts inventories, integrated manufacturing cells or computer/communication nets) involving explicit consideration of the cost or impact of transient behavior, is now a real possibility.
柔性製造系統和計算機通信網絡是一個複雜的系統，也就是所謂的離散事件隨機系統的很好的例證。這些系統有效的設計和運轉對經濟學上的競爭是極其重要的，但是系統行爲卻是很難被完全掌握。現代離散事件隨機系統的分析和設計方法集中在它們在穩定狀態下的行爲上，在長期的運轉或超過平均時間的運作中一個需要績效測量的概念形成了。然而，在他們向穩定狀態過渡的過程中大多數系統展示動態行爲，而穩定狀態也可能會產生一些被穩定狀態分析計算出來的執行偏差。這類涉及成本的清楚估價或短期行爲影響系統的設計和控制，現已成爲一種可能。（例如，多樣級別剩餘零件的清單，集成製造組織，或計算機通信網絡）。