一、閱讀判斷
第8篇：What Is a Dream?(B級)
What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.
Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.
Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that
something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
詞彙：
psychologist n.心理學家 psychiatrist n.精神病學家(醫生)
Austrian adj.奧地利的 gender n.性別
註釋：
undFreud西格蒙德.費洛伊德(1856-1939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫生及精神分析學家。精神分析學派的創始人。他認爲被壓抑的慾望絕大部分是屬於性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有《性學三論》《夢的釋義》《圖騰與禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理學》《精神分析引論》《精神分析引論新編》等
Jung:卡爾.榮格，瑞士著名精神分析專家，分析心理學的創始人
people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做夢會夢到男人，並且常與打鬥有關;女人做夢與男人則不同。
練習：
1. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. t g mentioned
2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about. t g mentioned
3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. t g mentioned
4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions. t g mentioned
5. According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do. t g mentioned
6. Men and women dream about different things. t g mentioned
7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. t g mentioned
1.A這句話恰好表達了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理學家認爲，人腦睡眠中的活動沒有特別意義;而有些人則認爲，夢可以揭示人的思維和情感。.
2.A第三段的最後一句講的是弗洛伊德認爲夢反映了人們在現實情況下害怕表達的情感、想法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。
3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(榮格認爲夢的用途是向做夢者傳遞一個資訊)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他認爲人們透過思考所做的夢能夠更好地瞭解自己)。他給出了兩個例子來說明他的論點。
4.C文中沒有提及。